Wednesday, October 17, 2012

NHS & Hospitals: Dr Grumble & Frosty View!

Readers might have noticed the return of Dr Grumble:

“The really surprising thing was the illusion these GPs had about the power of the consultants in the hospital. I have picked up this misunderstanding before from online comments from GPs. They really don't understand. GPs, you see, have very great influence over their own surgery. As many politicians like to point out, they are independent contractors.

If you are a senior GP you remember hospitals as they used to be. There was an illusion then that the consultants were in charge and ran the hospital. Perhaps there was a time when they did or, at the very least, they were listened to. But that was way back in history.  They don't now. Not at all. They are scarcely listened to.”

Yet the government wants the rest of the world to believe in our hospitals and that is not about managers but about the skill of their consultants.  Ill people in Qatar & other Arab countries seem to know what they want: fly in their private jet and get admitted to an NHS Hospital.

More from Dr Grumble:

"It was an eyeopener for them to discover otherwise. One of Grumble's colleagues pointed out that our Chief Executive, when announcing some plan nobody much liked, announced that the hospital was not a democracy. It's not. It never has been and it never will.

Like most meetings nothing much came out of it though the GPs certainly learnt just how impotent today's consultants are. The interesting point for the consultants, though it may not have been a surprise, was that the local GPs had also not been consulted by their masters on the hospital closure. They had taken part in a formal public consultation process but, as was pointed out to them, formal consultation processes are more about telling the populace what is going to happen than listening to their concerns."

Are we really that stupid?

A frosty view:



© 2012 Am Ang Zhang



Why are privateers buying into GP practices. The answer may lie with the way the NHS internal market is going: all for the benefit of privateers. Like supermarkets, the only way to make money is through: OWN BRAND. So channelling patients to profit making part of OWN BRAND hospital services will be the only way.

It may soon dawn on the average citizen of this country that they have lost what they thought was their birth right: free access to Health Care.

The Plotters had been working for the better part of 20 years to dismantle the NHS and in these difficult financial times, the most money to be made apart from coffee is government money: AKA taxpayer's money.

Unless we act fast, we stand to lose the hospital consultants to the private sector and the hospitals too will go that way. Consultants had been side lined for too long!


In the case of the consultants, a show was made of trying to make them accept much closer supervision by hospital managers, and cut back on their private work. But it soon came to seem that the real aim of doing this was to make them feel more disenchanted with working as salaried NHS employees and readier to go into business – to form doctors chambers, on the model of barristers, or other kinds of business, and sell their services to any employer, public or private, that offered them the best terms. A significant number began to plan to do so and some have begun to. And as the cuts begin to bite there will be unemployment among hospital doctors. As you will have read, consultants are among those scheduled to be laid off by St George’s hospital in Tooting, and elsewhere. Working for private providers will become normal again in a way it hasn’t been since 1948.                  The Plot Against the NHS

So do you really think that hospitals are not necessary, or not necessary for the average citizen of England. Soon they will be sold and it will be costly to buy them back.

What about medical training? If these hospitals are sold, who pays?

And watch out, someone, your parent, your spouse, your child and even your MP may need a Hospital Consultant one day. 



It is of course likely that after plotters plotted for nearly 20 years to have the money making part of the NHS privatised, they are unlikely to give up quietly.

Democracy is a peculiar business and there is truth that some of us know who the enemies of the people really were.

Some politician may regret too late for not taking the opportunity and grasp the three hairs on the god of opportunity. The Cockroach Catcher did spell it out not many weeks ago.

That many of the plotters in the Labour camp are now unashamedly working for private health care insurer or provider in one form or another that they did not get the votes from the PEOPLE.


I have previously suggested that the new CCGs should buy up Hospitals as the current internal market system is having a very serious unhealthy load on the total cost of Health Care in this country.


Why not do the opposite, let the hospitals employ the GPs. In other words: integrate primary and secondary health care and be done with the internal market that is grossly skewing the way health care is funded.

With some of the “best” advisers available (costly as well), the only reason for recent governments to pursue the market driven idea can only mean one thing: the eventual privatisation of most providers of health care! 

But wait for this: only the profitable ones.


US Model:

One can assume that for a range of basic medical conditions, the NHS (by now a brand) will be free at the point of delivery. Private providers to the NHS will provide on a per case basis and we already have the best example of this is the US in the form of Medicare:

An estimated 77 million people born between 1946 and 1964, turn 65. This year, the first 3 million will reach that milestone, adding significantly to the 47.5 million patients covered by Medicare in 2010. That explosive growth will jeopardize the federal program’s ability to meet its obligations at the same time that it inundates physician practices and hospitals.

Largely left to their own devices in finding help with these problems, these patients have a habit of seeing several physicians, including specialists. No referrals are needed, and Medicare pays a fee to each doctor for every visit. That adds up to a situation in which not only are there no limits on how much is spent, but often there’s no one in charge to make sure patients don’t receive unnecessary or counterproductive treatments.

At UCLA:


It also is  important to keep in mind that, “contrary to popular assumptions, it’s the volume of services, not the price per service, that accounts for most of the variation in Medicare spending” observes Dr. Jack Wennberg, the founder of what is now known simply as “the Dartmouth research.” And as more than two decades of
 Dartmouth research have shown, it is the supply of hospital beds and doctors that drives volume—not patient demand. When more resources are available, as they are at UCLA, patients spend more time in the hospital and undergo more procedures. Yet outcomes are no better; often they are worse.

“UCLA knows it has a problem,” Wennberg confided in an interview last year. “But what are they going to do—close down beds and fire doctors? They need that stream of revenue that comes from the beds and doctors to service their debt.”  So Medicare spends more at UCLA—and some patients are over-treated. 

US Health Insurers had a good deal, they do not need to deal with this group.

If one look closely at Hinchingbrooke: they will only have so called 48 hour in-patients, no neonatal, mental health (illness more like) and certainly no dialysis. So if all hospitals are to be run by Circle what will happen to the other patients.

The answer is simple: it will never happen and there is little doubt in my mind that Circle will provide good profit for its investors. These smart people do not throw away money unless they belong to others.

A Hospital based health service:

The Cockroach Catcher has many medical friends working in different health care systems and most of my friends find our GP system ‘unique’. They see that progress in medical science has meant that it is difficult for a generalist to be able to do everything. Many medical procedures require specialist training.

Growth in most other countries has been in the area of specialist doctors.

The UK is the only country in the Western Word that is defying the trend. The serious side effect is that soon we might be running out of specialists in this country: well trained specialists.

So, what would be so wrong with a Hospital based integrated NHS.

My suspicion is that it will happen but it would be the privateers that will be doing it to have full control of cost that would be escalating. 

It is already happening in the US and believe you me, it will here. By then it will be too late as the specialists would have left the state run NHS.


Monday, October 15, 2012

Anorexia Nervosa: The Peril of Diagnosis!

Slim but not Anorexia Nervosa!

© 2012 Am Ang Zhang

Based on an extract from my book : The Cockroach Catcher 

It is probably too late as so many doctors and psychiatrists are brought up on empirical diagnosis that sheds little light on the sufferings of the individual. The more powerful the diagnosis is, the easier it is to ignore the person as an individual and not to take into account his life history that may have a strong bearing on his treatment.

         In physical medicine we all understand that pain is a symptom and not in itself a diagnosis. When we move on to stroke or heart attack, it may be more problematic. Even in these cases, most clinicians will still be looking at or for the underlying cause or causes and will not rest until that is identified.  Hopefully it may have important bearing on the treatment. Underlying hypertension or diabetes, for example, will have to be treated.

         In psychiatry, attempted suicide is not in itself a diagnosis and that is simple enough.

         When we come to Anorexia Nervosa, psychiatrists are suddenly blinded. It is what I call a powerful diagnosis because it overshadows everything else.

         I am not arguing against the “pure” form of Anorexia Nervosa and I am sure it exists.

         Why?
         Because I have seen these cases myself.

         What I really want to alert readers to is the inherent danger in following blindly DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) or ICD (International Classification of Diseases) classifications. The danger is in seeing an Anorexia Nervosa patient as someone who has caught the “virus” that causes it.

         A great disservice will be done to the patient if this distinction between what is the manifestation and what is the underlying pathology is not recognised.

         The same is of course true of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. It is however a lot easier for most people to understand that there is an underlying cause for these.  Pearl Harbour star Kate Beckensale[1] was recently reported to have the view that Anorexia Nervosa sufferers were not different to Cocaine junkies – an observation that stirred much controversy but was probably closer to the truth than most would care to admit.
        
Amanda
         My old secretary Karen went to work for a plastic surgeon in the local hospital specializing in burns. Out of the blue she gave me a call. 

         “It is about Amanda. You should see her. She has all these scars on her.”

         It had been over two years since I last saw Amanda. It was rather sad as she had a real talent in art and I managed to secure the last ever support from the Education Authorities for accommodation for her at the Art College. But she dropped out after a year.  Nevertheless she still managed to make appointments to see me a couple of times before disappearing.  

         “Why don’t you ask her to arrange to see me next time she has a follow up at the clinic.”

         “That should not be a problem.”
         “But only if she wants to.”
         “I think you may still be of some help.”

         Well, Karen actually drove Amanda to my clinic late that afternoon and I stayed on to see her. Luckily Karen was still in the room with me when Amanda simply decided to lift her T-shirt. She was not wearing anything else underneath and what she revealed was a body covered in a number of three to four inches long keloidal scars. Some were actually over her breasts.

         Karen stayed as chaperone and Amanda did not seem to mind. In our work there are certain risks when you see young people on their own and more so when you see someone like Amanda. I sometimes felt rather unsafe with some of the mothers too.

         Amanda was first presented to me as a severe anorectic who more or less required immediate hospital admission. I put her in the paediatric ward rather than referred her to the hospital as at that time we were having some trouble with the quality of care there.

         At the time, her weight was dangerously low. She was the only patient that I had to keep in the hospital over Christmas. It was rather strange that she seemed quite happy to do so. There were no protests from the parents either.  It meant that I had to see her on Christmas day and I even bought her a nice soft toy for a present, something I had never done before or after.

         Her body weight gradually picked up and it was time for some trial home leave. She pleaded with me not to let her go home even for half a day.

         I did not want her to become dependent on us and there was every sign that she had now settled in on the ward.

         She came back from home leave and decided not to follow our agreed contract. It was popular in those days to have a weight gain contract and we had one too. Of course now I realise how rigidity with a contract can have drawbacks. In fact in child psychiatry too rigid an approach often causes problems one way or another and it is one of the few medical disciplines with which strict guidelines are not a good idea.

         At the time, another patient was on the ward after a serious suicide attempt. She had been abused by her step-father and step-brother over the years. She had had enough and decided to end it all.  I was trying to sort out where she could go as there were all the child protection issues.  She became very friendly with Amanda.

         One day when I arrived on the ward, the Sister-in-charge handed me an envelope and said that Amanda would like me to read it first.

         I have since used the same two pages she wrote as teaching material. Most female junior doctors could not go through with reading it aloud. It is nice to think that years of medical training do not really harden someone. Or was it something too horrible to be faced with?  It was particularly upsetting when the abuser was Amanda’s father.

         Amanda was by then fourteen but her father had been abusing her since she was about eleven. Her mother worked night shifts and father would come to her bed room to tuck her in. This had been going on for as long as she could remember. She started to have budding breasts and her father would at first accidentally brush them and Amanda would be quite annoyed with that. Then one night he started fondling with her breasts and also outside her pants. She was so scared she froze and did not say anything. He went further and further until he penetrated her. She was bleeding quite badly and told her mother, who told her that was what happened to girls when they grew up. She knew what menstrual period was but she said this was different; but mum did not want to know and gave her a box of sanitary pads. Then her period started and she started to worry about becoming pregnant. Her father said it was not a problem and asked her to suck him instead. She recorded that she was sick every time. Then one day her father decided to try her “back-side”. It caused so much bleeding it stained her school skirt and when she told her mother she was bleeding from her “back side” she just said, “Don’t be silly.  It is only a heavy period.”

         It is disturbing even for me to give you the details now. But this is what is happening to many children and is happening all around the world. If anything, I probably have toned down the content of that letter. What has gone wrong with mankind?  I cannot say I know any better since my early cockroach catching days. 

         Then on the day I “forced” her to go home he picked her up and made her go down on him in the car on the way home when he parked on a lay-by.

         In the end it was the other girl in the ward who encouraged her to write to me. She told her that she suffered the same for a long time and was stupid enough to try and hurt herself before she could tell anyone.

         There was no time to waste to report this to Social Services. However, Amanda’s father, who worked at the local mental hospital, had a “breakdown” and was admitted under the Mental Health Act the night before all of this came out. Amanda was not aware of this.  When I showed mother what Amanda wrote, she just said to me, “He is in a mental hospital,” and walked out.

         It has taken me years to grasp that maternal failure plays a major role in family sexual abuse. This mother’s action says it all. Can’t you see he is mad?

         It was a most peculiar case. His psychiatrist refused to even let me know of his problem, citing patient doctor confidentiality. He obviously had not worked with child abuse. Mother denied all knowledge of the bleeding incidents and claimed that it was all in Amanda’s imagination and it became very hard trying to place Amanda because her mother would not acknowledge that there was a problem. At this time West[2] was arrested and it helped me at least to understand the unfathomable.

         One of the nurses who got on well with Amanda told me that I should look at her examination portfolio for art. Every picture was morbid.  One struck me with the René Magritte[3] style of surrealism. A body of a girl with a penis floating over what looked like a classical stone grave. The head was covered in cloth and separated from the body. There were many daggers on the upper body of this half-man half-woman. There was a sort of school in the distance with small figures of school children. The sky was normal blue with white clouds which contrasted dramatically with the central theme. There was no question that the sky was a Magritte sky, and so was the cloth covered head. The rest was original Amanda.

         I knew then from what I remembered of Erickson that the picture was not just about the past with which one naturally associated but also about the future. Yet it took me a few years to realise that it was about the cutting.

         She said she was now working as a waitress. Her teacher at college did not want her to do all the morbid paintings, so she quit. She had been sleeping with virtually any man she came across and every time she would cut herself afterwards. She wanted to feel something, she told me. What was worst was that whenever she was with a man she saw her father.

         What an outcome. I had spent so much time with this girl and this was in the end what happened. She said one day she would be in a mental hospital like her father, but she hoped to kill herself before then.

         I no longer remember Amanda as a severe anorectic but rather a very talented artist who suffered serious abuse. Yet in a society which prides itself in social care, she did not become a famous artist with a high income, telling all about her history of abuse in front of a famous chat show host. Nor did she become a movie star telling all after drug and alcohol rehab.

         Instead she was on benefits and I am struggling hard to find something uplifting to end this story.

It has taught me one thing: Anorexia Nervosa may be just a manifestation.

The Cockroach Catcher Chapter 33  The Peril of Diagnosis 







NHS: The Way We Were! Free!
FREE eBook: Just drop me a line with your email.

Email: cockroachcatcher (at) gmail (dot) com.



[1] Miss Beckinsale, whose weight once plummeted to five stones, said: "I believe anorexia, alcoholism and drug abuse in teens are more about what is happening in the home than a problem with images in the media.
      "It is the nice girl's way of becoming a crack whore."
 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=450464&in_page_id=1773
[2] West – Frederick West was a British serial killer. He and his wife Rosemary are believed to have murdered at least 12 young women, many at the couple's home in Gloucester. He even raped his own 13-year old daughter.  On 1 January 1995, he committed suicide in his cell at Winson Green Prison while awaiting trial for murder. 

[3] René Magritte - was a Belgian surrealist artist. He became well known for a number of witty and amusing images.  A consummate technician, his work frequently displays a juxtaposition of ordinary objects in an unusual context, giving new meanings to familiar things. The representational use of objects as other than what they seem is typified in his painting.

Thursday, October 11, 2012

Anorexia Nervosa: From Gull to Minuchin!


Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.
(One should 
eat to live and not live to eat.)
- 
Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)
Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,
Some cannot eat that want it:
But we hae meat
 and we can eat,
Sae let the Lord be thankit.
- 
Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace


First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term:
“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far as determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

Source: Anorexia Nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica).
Transactions of the Clinical Society of London, 1874, 7: 22-28.

Classic description of Anorexia Nervosa.

Earliest published accounts
Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.
Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.
More recent views

Anna Freud’s psychoanalytic view (1958):

  • Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable
  • Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness
Crisp (1967 - 1980):
  • Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.
  • Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.
  • Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.
  • Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.
Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role (not just Anorexia Nervosa)
  • Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.
  • They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.
  • They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.
  • In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.
  • They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.
  • The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.
  • An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.
Minuchin:

Alert readers would have noted a number of Anorexia Nervosa cases on this blog and in my book, The Cockroach Catcher and that Minuchin’s name has indeed been mentioned.

Regardless of what present day psychiatrists (and that includes those dealing with Anorexia Nervosa, Minuchin have in one way or another inspired us in our dealings with Anorexia Nervosa and of course families in general.

He has inspired me the most in my work with families and with anorexia Nervosa in particular.

He was born in Argentina and soon served in the Israeli army before continuing his training including that of psychoanalysis in New York. It may be of interest to readers that the new generation of psychiatrists including those in the US were no longer brought up in psychoanalysis and with that they have little understanding of both the personal psyche and the family dynamics that we grew up in. Of course psychoanalysis has its many faults but to totally dismiss it is very sad for mankind.

Minuchin above all helped me in my understanding of family dynamics and in turn in my personal dealings with problem families and Anorexia Nervosa.

Minuchin has recognized a group of family system characteristics that reflect the family dynamics of patients with anorexia nervosa:

Enmeshment:
This is a transactional style where family members are highly involved with one another. There is excessive togetherness, intrusion on other's thoughts, feelings and actions, lack of privacy, and weak family boundaries. Members often speak for one another, and perception of the self and other family members is poorly differentiated. A child growing up in this type of family learns that family loyalty is of primary importance. This pattern of interaction hinders separation and individuation later in life.

Overprotectiveness:
This refers to the excessive nurturing and protective responses commonly observed. How can the psychiatrist begin to argue against such a good trait! Pacifying behaviors and somatization are prevalent.

Rigidity:
These families are heavily committed to maintaining the status quo. The need for change is denied, thereby preserving accustomed patterns of interaction and behavioral mechanisms. Rigidity is commonly observed in the family cycle during periods of natural change where accommodation is necessary for proper growth and development. You must have seen families where for every single day of the week they eat the same meal year in year out.

Avoidance of conflict/ conflict resolution:
Family members have a low tolerance for overt conflict, and discussions involving differences of opinion are avoided at all costs. Problems are often left unresolved and are prolonged by avoidance maneuvers. Everyone would come up with a highly believable excuse. After all everyone is very clever!


Apart from classical Autism, parents of many sufferers of Anorexia Nervosa are amongst the most successful in their own profession. Many are CEOs of major corporations including Hospital Trusts and PCTs. Minuchin’s powerful understanding of the family dynamics has allowed me to navigate the very difficult terrain. More so than trying to learn Tango!


Anorexia Nervosa: Complacency or Creativity!

As we move into the gaming era of the NHS, one diagnosis that will be on AQP's list will be Anorexia Nervosa. Unlike hip replacement, the variation of the condition is such that it is ripe for Private Providers to make a case for a fairly long drawn out treatment. AQP will not worry as "the longer, the better".


That is why I have argued that where there is such an incentive, "gaming" will happen. So, Mr Cameron. Don't say that nobody told you.
It may not need to be so:


There is a misguided belief that Psychiatry is like other branches of medicine, that we make diagnosis as if we know the definitive cause, course of treatment and prognosis.




Creativity is key to the resolution of many Child Psychiatric problems and the fact that Anorexia Nervosa patients can change dramatically in a split second is testament to the need for such an approach. (The Chapter “Seven Minute Cure” in The Cockroach Catcher describes such a case.) I am not advocating the declassification of Anorexia Nervosa, but would just like to encourage those of us dealing with these cases to try to understand the underlying dynamics and be innovative in their management. It could be a worthwhile experience.








One hath no better thing under the sun than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry ...
- Ecclesiastes 8.15